X-PCI provides a three-dimensional visualization of healthy and moderately degenerated cartilage samples down to a (sub-)cellular level with good correlation to histologic and transmission electron microscopy images. For correlation, osteochondral samples were processed for histology and transmission electron microscopy. Data were reconstructed by a filtered back-projection algorithm, post-processed by ImageJ, the WEKA machine learning pixel classification tool and VGStudio max. Volumetric datasets were acquired with voxel sizes between 0.7 × 0.7 × 0.7 and 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1 µm 3. Ten 10%-formalin preserved healthy and moderately degenerated osteochondral samples, post-mortem extracted from human knee joints, were examined using four different X-PCI tomographic set-ups using synchrotron radiation the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (France) and the Swiss Light Source (Switzerland). This study examined the feasibility of X-PCI for high-resolution (sub-) micrometer analysis of different stages in tissue degeneration of human cartilage samples and compare it to histology and transmission electron microscopy. X-ray phase-contrast imaging (X-PCI) offers increased sensitivity with respect to standard radiography and CT allowing an enhanced visibility of adjoining, low density structures with an almost histological image resolution. evolution of cartilage degeneration is still not fully understood, partly due to its thinness, low radio-opacity and therefore lack of adequately resolving imaging techniques. 11 Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany. 10 Department of Clinical Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr.1 Department of Clinical Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 9 CELLS: ALBA Synchrotron, Barcelona, Spain.8 Paul Scherrer Institute (Swiss Light Source), Villigen, Switzerland.7 National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.6 European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.5 Faculty of Medicine, Anatomische Anstalt, Neuroanatomy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.4 Department of Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar of the Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.3 Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.2 RZM - Radiologisches Zentrum Munich-Pasing, Pippinger Str.1 Department of Clinical Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr.
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